Tissue oxygen is a measure of the concentration of oxygen within a tissue, usually quantified as a partial pressure in mmHg.

Sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) is an extracellular recording of the central nervous system. SNA demonstrates “bursting” behavior, where groups of action potentials are synchronized and linked to the cardiac cycle via the arterial baroreflex...

Electromyography (EMG) is the study of muscle electrical activity. It is suited to the study of generally any skeletal muscle that can be assessed with surface or intramuscular electrodes.

EEG Measurement & Analysis Electroencephalography (EEG) is an extracellular recording (<100 Hz) of the electrical activity of the brain. EEG recordings represent the sum of a large amount of underlying neural activity, detected between electrode...

Eye movements are controlled by the six extrinsic muscles of each eye; these muscles allow the eyes to track moving objects or fixate on stationary object while the head moves. Eye movements can be recorded using electrodes placed on the skin near...

Pressure is the amount of force exerted on the surface of an object per unit area. Typically pressure measurements are useful when describing a fluid contained inside a solid structure.

All muscles are able to contract to generate a force. Whether it be the rings of smooth muscle that regulate the diameter of a blood vessel to control peripheral blood flow in a mouse or the much larger network of skeletal muscles that allow humans...

Respiratory Gas Analysis is the study of the mixture of gases being inspired or expired by an animal or human subject. The primary gases of interest are typically oxygen and carbon dioxide. The changes in this gas mixture between inhalation and...

Fluid flow is the quantification of bulk fluid movement, which is important to many discovery, evaluative and monitoring studies, and can be measured in a variety of methods.

Spirometry is a non-invasive method of lung function testing, which measures the volumetric flow rate of air inhaled and exhaled. From this respiratory flow signal respiratory volume for a given time frame can be calculated using a simple integral.

Extracellular recordings are recordings of electrical potentials produced by a cell, either in extracellular fluid near the cell of interest, or non-invasively. These types of recordings can be divided into three main groups; single/multiple unit...

Intracellular recording is an electrophysiology technique that inserts a glass microelectrode into a single cell (usually a neuron) to precisely measure its electrical activity (voltages across or currents passing through the cellular membranes). It...

Temperature is a relative measurement of the amount of kinetic energy contained in the measured area of a sample. The addition of heat increases the kinetic energy or motion of those molecules, thereby increasing the measured temperature of the...

A recorded pulse signal can be derived from a number of transducers, intended to detect the pulsatile flow of blood into the central or peripheral arteries. Typically, this is used as an indicator of heart rate, or as a timing signal indicative of...

Volume is the amount of three-dimensional space that a substance (such as solid, liquid or gas) occupies, or the space enclosing the substance, or the capacity of the container for the substance.

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) offers a continuous measurement of blood cell perfusion in the microcirculatory beds of skin tissue and other tissues without influencing the blood perfusion. LDF is measured in a relative unit of BPU (Blood Perfusion...

Video is widely used in life sciences, such as to record movement or changes in colour, shape and size, because it offers greater depth and interactive insight, especially when it is synchronized with quantitative data recordings.

Measuring the way different parts of the body are moving relative to each other is extremely useful for movement, kinematics and gait studies. Measuring joint angle is one common way of assessing this movement.

NIBP, or non-invasive blood pressure, can be recorded from both animals and humans. The methods used to measure NIBP in human and animal subjects differ.

pH is a unit used to quantify the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is a logarithmic scale related to the molar concentration of hydrogen atoms. pH values can be between 0 and 14 where 0 is the strongest acid, 7 is neutral and 14 the most basic.